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With a secure shell (SSH) key pair, you can create virtual machines (VMs) in Azure that use SSH keys for authentication, eliminating the need for passwords to sign in. This article shows you how to quickly generate and use an SSH public-private key file pair for Linux VMs. You can complete these steps with the Azure Cloud Shell, a macOS or Linux host, the Windows Subsystem for Linux, and other tools that support OpenSSH.
Note
VMs created using SSH keys are by default configured with passwords disabled, which greatly increases the difficulty of brute-force guessing attacks.
- The aks-engine deploy command automates creation of a Service Principal, Resource Group and SSH key for your cluster. If operators need more control or are interested in the individual steps see the 'Long Way' section below.
- Mar 29, 2019.
For more background and examples, see Detailed steps to create SSH key pairs.
For additional ways to generate and use SSH keys on a Windows computer, see How to use SSH keys with Windows on Azure.
But that means we must use same SSH-KEY in different projects and some guys can run command “commit” and “push “commit code to GIT repository through CI server. To avoid this, GIT give out a solution for this scenario: Deploy Key. We can create deploy key for each project and add those keys to GIT server.
Supported SSH key formats
Azure currently supports SSH protocol 2 (SSH-2) RSA public-private key pairs with a minimum length of 2048 bits. Other key formats such as ED25519 and ECDSA are not supported.
Create an SSH key pair
Use the ssh-keygen command to generate SSH public and private key files. By default, these files are created in the ~/.ssh directory. You can specify a different location, and an optional password (passphrase) to access the private key file. If an SSH key pair with the same name exists in the given location, those files are overwritten.
The following command creates an SSH key pair using RSA encryption and a bit length of 4096:
If you use the Azure CLI to create your VM with the az vm create command, you can optionally generate SSH public and private key files using the --generate-ssh-keys option. The key files are stored in the ~/.ssh directory unless specified otherwise with the --ssh-dest-key-path option. The --generate-ssh-keys option will not overwrite existing key files, instead returning an error. In the following command, replace VMname and RGname with your own values:
Provide an SSH public key when deploying a VM
To create a Linux VM that uses SSH keys for authentication, specify your SSH public key when creating the VM using the Azure portal, Azure CLI, Azure Resource Manager templates, or other methods:
If you're not familiar with the format of an SSH public key, you can display your public key with the following cat command, replacing ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub with the path and filename of your own public key file if needed:
A typical public key value looks like this example:
If you copy and paste the contents of the public key file to use in the Azure portal or a Resource Manager template, make sure you don't copy any trailing whitespace. To copy a public key in macOS, you can pipe the public key file to pbcopy. Similarly in Linux, you can pipe the public key file to programs such as xclip.
The public key that you place on your Linux VM in Azure is by default stored in ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub, unless you specified a different location when you created the key pair. To use the Azure CLI 2.0 to create your VM with an existing public key, specify the value and optionally the location of this public key using the az vm create command with the --ssh-key-values option. In the following command, replace VMname, RGname, and keyFile with your own values:
If you want to use multiple SSH keys with your VM, you can enter them in a space-separated list, like this --ssh-key-values sshkey-desktop.pub sshkey-laptop.pub.
SSH into your VM
With the public key deployed on your Azure VM, and the private key on your local system, SSH into your VM using the IP address or DNS name of your VM. In the following command, replace azureuser and myvm.westus.cloudapp.azure.com with the administrator user name and the fully qualified domain name (or IP address):
If you specified a passphrase when you created your key pair, enter that passphrase when prompted during the login process. The VM is added to your ~/.ssh/known_hosts file, and you won't be asked to connect again until either the public key on your Azure VM changes or the server name is removed from ~/.ssh/known_hosts.
If the VM is using the just-in-time access policy, you need to request access before you can connect to the VM. For more information about the just-in-time policy, see Manage virtual machine access using the just in time policy.
Next steps
For more information on working with SSH key pairs, see Detailed steps to create and manage SSH key pairs.
If you have difficulties with SSH connections to Azure VMs, see Troubleshoot SSH connections to an Azure Linux VM.
Install Prerequisites
All the commands in this guide require both the Azure CLI and aks-engine. Follow the installation instructions to download aks-engine before continuing or compile from source.
For installation instructions see the Azure CLI GitHub repository for the latest release.
Overview
aks-engine reads a cluster definition which describes the size, shape, and configuration of your cluster. This guide takes the default configuration of one master and two Linux agents. If you would like to change the configuration, edit examples/kubernetes.json before continuing.
The aks-engine deploy command automates creation of a Service Principal, Resource Group and SSH key for your cluster. If operators need more control or are interested in the individual steps see the 'Long Way' section below.
NOTE: AKS Engine creates a cluster; it doesn't create an Azure Container Service resource. So clusters that you create using the aks-engine command (or ARM templates generated by the aks-engine command) won't show up as AKS resources, for example when you run az acs list. Think of aks-engine as the, er, engine which AKS uses to create clusters: you can use the same engine yourself, but AKS won't know about the results.
After the cluster is deployed the upgrade and scale commands can be used to make updates to your cluster.
Gather Information
- The subscription in which you would like to provision the cluster. This is a uuid which can be found with
az account list -o table. - Proper access rights within the subscription. Especially the right to create and assign service principals to applications ( see AKS Engine the Long Way, Step #2)
- A valid service principal with all the required create/manage permissions. Instructions to create a new service principal can be found here.
- A
dnsPrefixwhich forms part of the the hostname for your cluster (e.g. staging, prodwest, blueberry). The DNS prefix must be unique so pick a random name. - A location to provision the cluster e.g.
westus2.
Deploy
For this example, the subscription id is 51ac25de-afdg-9201-d923-8d8e8e8e8e8e, the DNS prefix is contoso-apple, and location is westus2.
Run aks-engine deploy with the appropriate arguments:
aks-engine will output Azure Resource Manager (ARM) templates, SSH keys, and a kubeconfig file in _output/contoso-apple-59769a59 directory:
_output/contoso-apple-59769a59/azureuser_rsa_output/contoso-apple-59769a59/kubeconfig/kubeconfig.westus2.json
aks-engine generates kubeconfig files for each possible region. Access the new cluster by using the kubeconfig generated for the cluster's location. This example used westus2, so the kubeconfig is _output/<clustername>/kubeconfig/kubeconfig.westus2.json:
Administrative note: By default, the directory where aks-engine stores cluster configuration (_output/contoso-apple above) won't be overwritten as a result of subsequent attempts to deploy a cluster using the same --dns-prefix) To re-use the same resource group name repeatedly, include the --force-overwrite command line option with your aks-engine deploy command. On a related note, include an --auto-suffix option to append a randomly generated suffix to the dns-prefix to form the resource group name, for example if your workflow requires a common prefix across multiple cluster deployments. Using the --auto-suffix pattern appends a compressed timestamp to ensure a unique cluster name (and thus ensure that each deployment's configuration artifacts will be stored locally under a discrete _output/<resource-group-name>/ directory).
Note: If the cluster is using an existing VNET please see the Custom VNET feature documentation for additional steps that must be completed after cluster provisioning.
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The deploy command lets you override any values under the properties tag (even in arrays) from the cluster definition file without having to update the file. You can use the --set flag to do that. For example:
AKS Engine the Long Way
Step 1: Generate an SSH Key
In addition to using Kubernetes APIs to interact with the clusters, cluster operators may access the master and agent machines using SSH.
If you don't have an SSH key cluster operators may generate a new one.
Step 2: Create a Service Principal
Kubernetes clusters have integrated support for various cloud providers as core functionality. On Azure, aks-engine uses a Service Principal to interact with Azure Resource Manager (ARM). Follow the instructions to create a new service principal and grant it the necessary IAM role to create Azure resources.
Step 3: Edit your Cluster Definition
AKS Engine consumes a cluster definition which outlines the desired shape, size, and configuration of Kubernetes. There are a number of features that can be enabled through the cluster definition: check the examples directory for a number of... examples.
Edit the simple Kubernetes cluster definition and fill out the required values:
dnsPrefix: must be a region-unique name and will form part of the hostname (e.g. myprod1, staging, leapingllama) - be unique!keyData: must contain the public portion of an SSH key - this will be associated with theadminUsernamevalue found in the same section of the cluster definition (e.g. 'ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABA....')clientId: this is the service principal's appId uuid or name from step 2secret: this is the service principal's password or randomly-generated password from step 2
Optional: attach to an existing virtual network (VNET). Details here
Note: you can then use the --set option of the generate command to override values from the cluster definition file directly in the command line (cf. Step 4)
Step 4: Generate the Templates
The generate command takes a cluster definition and outputs a number of templates which describe your Kubernetes cluster. By default, generate will create a new directory named after your cluster nested in the _output directory. If my dnsPrefix was larry my cluster templates would be found in _output/larry-.
Run aks-engine generate examples/kubernetes.json
The generate command lets you override values from the cluster definition file without having to update the file. You can use the --set flag to do that:
The --set flag only supports JSON properties under properties. You can also work with array, like the following:
Step 5: Submit your Templates to Azure Resource Manager (ARM)
- To enable the optional network policy enforcement using calico, you have to set the parameter during this step according to this guide
- To enable the optional network policy enforcement using cilium, you have to set the parameter during this step according to this guide
- To enable the optional network policy enforcement using antrea, you have to set the parameter during this step according to this guide
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Note: If the cluster is using an existing VNET please see the Custom VNET feature documentation for additional steps that must be completed after cluster provisioning.