Generate Aes Cipher 128-bit Encryption Key

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Encryption software is software that uses cryptography to prevent unauthorized access to digital information.[1][2] Cryptography is used to protect digital information on computers as well as the digital information that is sent to other computers over the Internet.[3]

Classification[edit]

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There are many software products which provide encryption. Software encryption uses a cipher to obscure the content into ciphertext. One way to classify this type of software is by the type of cipher used. Ciphers can be divided into two categories: public key ciphers (also known as asymmetric ciphers), and symmetric key ciphers.Encryption software can be based on either public key or symmetric key encryption.

Another way to classify software encryption is to categorize its purpose. Using this approach, software encryption may be classified into software which encrypts 'data in transit' and software which encrypts 'data at rest'.Data in transit generally uses public key ciphers, and data at rest generally uses symmetric key ciphers.

Symmetric key ciphers can be further divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers. Stream ciphers typically encrypt plaintext a bit or byte at a time, and are most commonly used to encrypt real-time communications, such as audio and video information. The key is used to establish the initial state of a keystream generator, and the output of that generator is used to encrypt the plaintext. Block cipher algorithms split the plaintext into fixed-size blocks and encrypt one block at a time. For example, AES processes 16-byte blocks, while its predecessor DES encrypted blocks of eight bytes.

There is also a well-known case where PKI is used for data in transit of data at rest.

Data in transit[edit]

Data in transit is data that is being sent over a computer network. When the data is between two endpoints, any confidential information may be vulnerable. The payload (confidential information) can be encrypted to secure its confidentiality, as well as its integrity and validity.[4]

Often, the data in transit is between two entities that do not know each other - such as in the case of visiting a website. As establishing a relationship and securely sharing an encryption key to secure the information that will be exchanged, a set of roles, policies, and procedures to accomplish this has been developed; it is known as the public key infrastructure, or PKI. Once PKI has established a secure connection, a symmetric key can be shared between endpoints. A symmetric key is preferred to over the private and public keys as a symmetric cipher is much more efficient (uses less CPU cycles) than an asymmetric cipher.[5][6] There are several methods for encrypting data in transit, such as IPsec, SCP, SFTP, SSH, OpenPGP and HTTPS.

Data at rest[edit]

Data at rest refers to data that has been saved to persistent storage. Data at rest is generally encrypted by a symmetric key.

Encryption may be applied at different layers in the storage stack. For example, encryption can be configured at the disk layer, on a subset of a disk called a partition, on a volume, which is a combination of disks or partitions, at the layer of a file system, or within user space applications such as database or other applications that run on the host operating system.

With full disk encryption, the entire disk is encrypted (except for the bits necessary to boot or access the disk when not using an unencrypted boot/preboot partition).[7] As disks can be partitioned into multiple partitions, partition encryption can be used to encrypt individual disk partitions.[8][8] Volumes, created by combining two or more partitions, can be encrypted using volume encryption.[9] File systems, also composed of one or more partitions, can be encrypted using filesystem-level encryption. Directories are referred to as encrypted when the files within the directory are encrypted.[10][11] File encryption encrypts a single file. Database encryption acts on the data to be stored, accepting unencrypted information and writing that information to persistent storage only after it has encrypted the data. Device-level encryption, a somewhat vague term that includes encryption-capable tape drives, can be used to offload the encryption tasks from the CPU.

Transit of data at rest[edit]

When there is a need to securely transmit data at rest, without the ability to create a secure connection, user space tools have been developed that support this need. These tools rely upon the receiver publishing their public key, and the sender being able to obtain that public key. The sender is then able to create a symmetric key to encrypt the information, and then use the receiver's public key to securely protect the transmission of the information and the symmetric key. This allows secure transmission of information from one party to another.

Below are some examples of software that provide this type of encryption.

  • GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG or GPG)
  • Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)

Performance[edit]

The performance of encryption software is measured relative to the speed of the CPU. Thus cycles per byte (sometimes abbreviated cpb), indicating the number of clock cycles a microprocessor will perform per byte of data processed, are the usual unit of measurement.[12] Cycles per byte serve as a partial indicator of real-world performance in cryptographicfunctions.[13]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Thakur, Dinesh. 'Cryptography - What is Cryptography?'.
  2. ^'What is encryption? - Definition from WhatIs.com'. SearchSecurity. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  3. ^'Why We Encrypt - Schneier on Security'.
  4. ^'Guide to Cryptography - OWASP'.
  5. ^Villanueva, John Carl. 'Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption'.
  6. ^'Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Encryption - CipherCloud'. 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  7. ^'How Whole Disk Encrypytion Works'(PDF).
  8. ^ ab'How to encrypt a single partition in Linux - TechRepublic'.
  9. ^https://www.jetico.com/web_help/bcve3_enterprise/html/01_introduction/02_what_is_ve.htm Volume Encryption
  10. ^'How IT Works: Encrypting File System'.
  11. ^'PDS Software Solutions LLC'.
  12. ^'Processor allocation'.
  13. ^'Engineering comparison of SHA-3 candidates'.

External links[edit]

  • Encryption software at Curlie
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Note

No new features or functionality are being added to Media Services v2.
Check out the latest version, Media Services v3. Also, see migration guidance from v2 to v3

You can use Media Services to deliver HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) and Smooth Streaming encrypted with the AES by using 128-bit encryption keys. Media Services also provides the key delivery service that delivers encryption keys to authorized users. If you want Media Services to encrypt an asset, you associate an encryption key with the asset and also configure authorization policies for the key. When a stream is requested by a player, Media Services uses the specified key to dynamically encrypt your content by using AES encryption. To decrypt the stream, the player requests the key from the key delivery service. To determine whether the user is authorized to get the key, the service evaluates the authorization policies that you specified for the key.

Media Services supports multiple ways of authenticating users who make key requests. The content key authorization policy can have one or more authorization restrictions, either open or token restrictions. The token-restricted policy must be accompanied by a token issued by a security token service (STS). Media Services supports tokens in the simple web token (SWT) and JSON Web Token (JWT) formats. For more information, see Configure the content key's authorization policy.

To take advantage of dynamic encryption, you need to have an asset that contains a set of multi-bitrate MP4 files or multi-bitrate Smooth Streaming source files. You also need to configure the delivery policy for the asset (described later in this article). Then, based on the format specified in the streaming URL, the on-demand streaming server ensures that the stream is delivered in the protocol you selected. As a result, you need to store and pay only for the files in single storage format. Media Services builds and serves the appropriate response based on requests from a client.

This article is useful to developers who work on applications that deliver protected media. The article shows you how to configure the key delivery service with authorization policies so that only authorized clients can receive encryption keys. It also shows how to use dynamic encryption.

For information on how to encrypt content with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) for delivery to Safari on macOS, see this blog post.For an overview of how to protect your media content with AES encryption, see this video.

AES-128 dynamic encryption and key delivery service workflow

Perform the following general steps when you encrypt your assets with AES by using the Media Services key delivery service and also by using dynamic encryption:

  1. Create an asset, and upload files into the asset.

  2. Encode the asset that contains the file to the adaptive bitrate MP4 set.

  3. Create a content key, and associate it with the encoded asset. In Media Services, the content key contains the asset's encryption key.

  4. Configure the content key's authorization policy. You must configure the content key authorization policy. The client must meet the policy before the content key is delivered to the client.

  5. Configure the delivery policy for an asset. The delivery policy configuration includes the key acquisition URL and an initialization vector (IV). (AES-128 requires the same IV for encryption and decryption.) The configuration also includes the delivery protocol (for example, MPEG-DASH, HLS, Smooth Streaming, or all) and the type of dynamic encryption (for example, envelope or no dynamic encryption).

    You can apply a different policy to each protocol on the same asset. For example, you can apply PlayReady encryption to Smooth/DASH and an AES envelope to HLS. Any protocols that aren't defined in a delivery policy are blocked from streaming. Civilization 3 complete download mac. (An example is if you add a single policy that specifies only HLS as the protocol.) The exception is if you have no asset delivery policy defined at all. Then, all protocols are allowed in the clear.

  6. Create an OnDemand locator to get a streaming URL.

The article also shows how a client application can request a key from the key delivery service.

You can find a complete .NET example at the end of the article.

The following image demonstrates the workflow previously described. Here, the token is used for authentication.

The remainder of this article provides explanations, code examples, and links to topics that show you how to achieve the tasks previously described.

Current limitations

If you add or update your asset's delivery policy, you must delete any existing locator and create a new locator.

Create an asset and upload files into the asset

To manage, encode, and stream your videos, you must first upload your content into Media Services. After it's uploaded, your content is stored securely in the cloud for further processing and streaming.

For more information, see Upload files into a Media Services account.

Encode the asset that contains the file to the adaptive bitrate MP4 set

With dynamic encryption, you create an asset that contains a set of multi-bitrate MP4 files or multi-bitrate Smooth Streaming source files. Then, based on the specified format in the manifest or fragment request, the on-demand streaming server ensures that you receive the stream in the protocol you selected. Then, you only need to store and pay for the files in single storage format. Media Services builds and serves the appropriate response based on requests from a client. For more information, see Dynamic packaging overview.

Note

When your Media Services account is created, a default streaming endpoint is added to your account in the 'Stopped' state. To start streaming your content and take advantage of dynamic packaging and dynamic encryption, the streaming endpoint from which you want to stream content must be in the 'Running' state.

Also, to use dynamic packaging and dynamic encryption, your asset must contain a set of adaptive bitrate MP4s or adaptive bitrate Smooth Streaming files.

For instructions on how to encode, see Encode an asset by using Media Encoder Standard.

Create a content key and associate it with the encoded asset

In Media Services, the content key contains the key that you want to encrypt an asset with.

For more information, see Create a content key.

Configure the content key's authorization policy

Media Services supports multiple ways of authenticating users who make key requests. You must configure the content key authorization policy. The client (player) must meet the policy before the key can be delivered to the client. The content key authorization policy can have one or more authorization restrictions, either open, token restriction, or IP restriction.

For more information, see Configure a content key authorization policy.

Configure an asset delivery policy

Configure the delivery policy for your asset. Some things that the asset delivery policy configuration includes are:

  • The key acquisition URL.
  • The initialization vector (IV) to use for the envelope encryption. AES-128 requires the same IV for encryption and decryption.
  • The asset delivery protocol (for example, MPEG-DASH, HLS, Smooth Streaming, or all).
  • The type of dynamic encryption (for example, AES envelope) or no dynamic encryption.

For more information, see Configure an asset delivery policy.

Create an OnDemand streaming locator to get a streaming URL

You need to provide your user with the streaming URL for Smooth Streaming, DASH, or HLS.

Note

If you add or update your asset's delivery policy, you must delete any existing locator and create a new locator.

For instructions on how to publish an asset and build a streaming URL, see Build a streaming URL.

Get a test token

Get a test token based on the token restriction that was used for the key authorization policy.

You can use the Azure Media Services Player to test your stream.

How can your client request a key from the key delivery service?

In the previous step, you constructed the URL that points to a manifest file. Your client needs to extract the necessary information from the streaming manifest files to make a request to the key delivery service.

Manifest files

The client needs to extract the URL (that also contains content key ID [kid]) value from the manifest file. The client then tries to get the encryption key from the key delivery service. The client also needs to extract the IV value and use it to decrypt the stream. The following snippet shows the <Protection> element of the Smooth Streaming manifest:

In the case of HLS, the root manifest is broken into segment files.

For example, the root manifest is: http://test001.origin.mediaservices.windows.net/8bfe7d6f-34e3-4d1a-b289-3e48a8762490/BigBuckBunny.ism/manifest(format=m3u8-aapl). It contains a list of segment file names.

If you open one of the segment files in a text editor (for example, http://test001.origin.mediaservices.windows.net/8bfe7d6f-34e3-4d1a-b289-3e48a8762490/BigBuckBunny.ism/QualityLevels(514369)/Manifest(video,format=m3u8-aapl), it contains #EXT-X-KEY, which indicates that the file is encrypted. Governor of poker 2 cd key generator.

Java Cipher Aes

Note

If you plan to play an AES-encrypted HLS in Safari, see this blog.

Request the key from the key delivery service

The following code shows how to send a request to the Media Services key delivery service by using a key delivery Uri (that was extracted from the manifest) and a token. (This article doesn't explain how to get SWTs from an STS.)

Protect your content with AES-128 by using .NET

Create and configure a Visual Studio project

  1. Set up your development environment, and populate the app.config file with connection information, as described in Media Services development with .NET.

  2. Add the following elements to appSettings, as defined in your app.config file:

Example

Overwrite the code in your Program.cs file with the code shown in this section.

Note

There is a limit of 1,000,000 policies for different Media Services policies (for example, for Locator policy or ContentKeyAuthorizationPolicy). Use the same policy ID if you always use the same days/access permissions. An example is policies for locators that are intended to remain in place for a long time (non-upload policies). For more information, see the 'Limit access policies' section in Manage assets and related entities with the Media Services .NET SDK.

Make sure to update variables to point to folders where your input files are located.

128 Bit Encryption Standard

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